What is Search and Rescue Transponder (SART)?
SART or Search and Rescue Transponder is extremely vital equipment on the ship as it performs the job of a signal-man.
It is a vital machine during distress for it helps in locating the position of the vessel in case it goes off-track.
SARTs are made of waterproof components which protects them against damage by water.
SARTs are essentially battery-operated, hence can be operative for a long time. SARTs are of use in ships, lifeboats and liferafts. They are the most supportive machines in case of an unprecedented emergency. SARTs are designed to remain afloat on the water for a long time in case the vessel finds itself submerged in water.
The bright colour of SARTs enables their quick detection, whereas the combination of transmitter and receiver enables it to transmit as well as receive radio signals.
SART machines have been instrumental in rescuing several crafts and ships by reacting to the search signal sent from an X-band radar, typically of 9 GHz. These signals are known as homing signals.
The response is usually displayed on radar screens as a sequence of dots on an X band-radar, which helps rescuers reach the vessels in time.
Watch video on SART:
As mentioned earlier, SART is basically an electronic device that automatically reacts to the emission or interrogation by radar. This enhances the visibility of the party in need of assistance on the radar display (PPI). They operate on the 9 GHz band and only transmit when they are switched on when interrogated by radar.
SART – General features, location and functioning
- SART is made of fibre-reinforced plastic which can withstand and bear the prolonged exposure to sunlight and extreme weather conditions
- It is capable of floating free of the survival craft
- International orange in colour
- SART is mounted on a mounting bracket which is fixed to a bulkhead on a ship, on the bridge
- It operates on the 9GHz frequency band (9.2 to 9.5 GHz) and generates a series of clips on the radar it is interrogated by (3 cm/X Band radar).
- They can either be portable or fixed permanently into the survival craft
- The SART is activated manually and hence responds only when interrogated
- When activated in a distress situation, the SART responds to radar interrogation by transmitting a signal which generates 12 blips on the radar and turns into concentric circles as the range between the two reduces
- On the PPI, the distance between the blips will be 0.6 miles
- This signal is very easy to spot than a signal echo from say, a radar reflector
- The SART also has an audio or visual indication of its correct operation and informs survivors when interrogated by the radar
- An audible beep is heard every 12 seconds when there are no radars in sight and every 2 seconds when interrogated by radar
Carriage Requirement
- Passenger ship- at least 02
- Cargo ship 500 GT and above- at least 02
- Cargo ship 300 GT and above- at least 01
- 1 on each survival craft
Battery Requirement
- In standby condition, operational for 96 hours
- In working condition, operational for 08 hours
- Battery should be replaced every 2 to 5 years
- Operable in temperature between -20 deg to 55 deg
SART Test Procedure
Self Test (General)
- Switch SART to test mode
- Hold SART in view of the radar antenna
- Check that visual indicator light operates
- Check that audible beeper operates
- Observe radar display and see if there are concentric circles on the PPI
- Check the battery expiry date
Self Test (Typical)
- Remove SART from the bracket
- Insert the probe into the SART at 2 seconds interval; the lamp flashes and the beeper sounds
- Observe concentric circles on the X band radar
In case of a false activation, switch the SART off immediately. Transmit a DSC safety alert on VHF Channel 70. Transmit a safety broadcast by RT on VHF Channel 16 to all stations indicating your ID and position and that you wish to cancel your false alert which was transmitted in error.
AIS-SART
The AIS-SART is a self-contained radio device used to locate a survival craft or distressed vessel by sending updated position reports using a standard Automatic Identification System class-A position report. The position and time synchronization of the AIS-SART is derived from a built-in GNSS receiver (e.g. GPS). Global Maritime Distress Safety System (GMDSS) installations include one or more search and rescue locating devices. These devices may be either an AIS-SART (AIS Search and Rescue Transmitter) or a radar-SART (Search and Rescue Transponder).
SARTs find themselves useful in rescue operations involving aeroplanes or ships stranded by air and sea accidents. They are designed to survive the toughest conditions and stay active on elevated positions like on a pole so that they could cover a diverse range. Talking of heights, a SART transponder on an aeroplane could have a range of 30 to 40 miles. This helps to scrutinize a huge range and huge area.
Looking at the facts, one can determine that SARTs are a marvel of human engineering, making them significant equipments on the ship venturing out in deep oceans.
You might also like to read:
- Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS): The Ultimate Guide
- Introduction to Global Maritime Distress Safety System (GMDSS): What You Must Know
- Daily, Monthly And Weekly Tests Of GMDSS Equipment On Board Ships
- Liferafts: SOLAS Requirements, Safety Features, Launching Procedure
- Watertight Doors on Ships: Types, Drills, Maintenance, SOLAS Regulations
- 5 Methods Of Medevac at Sea
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About Author
Shilavadra Bhattacharjee is a shipbroker with a background in commercial operations after having sailed onboard as a Third Officer. His interests primarily lie in the energy sector, books and travelling.
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Dear Raunek,
No doubt whatsoever the Marine Insight is a well known knowledge base. I’m a regular reader of your site and it helped to find various details about different maritime matters since serving as a lecturer related to the field. This article is also one of them.
When i read above article found that there is something need to be corrected.
Quote
” The response is usually displayed on radar screens as a sequence of dots on a S band-radar, which helps rescuers reach the vessels in time.” Unquote
The above sentence has to be changed
…….. on a X band-radar, which helps
if not mistaken by myself.
Thanks,
Chaminda Welikala.
Dear Chaminda,
Thank You for highlighting this important correction. Same has been edited above.
Thanks again
Dear Chaminda Welikala says, as per SOLAS Chapter 5 – Annex 16 Radar Equipment it says that ”
9 GHz (“X” Band) Radar – is required on any vessel of 300 gt. and over. “X” Band radars can locate radar transponders including search and rescue transponders (SARTS).
3 GHz (“S” Band) Radar – to- be fitted as the second radar, which is required on ships of 3000 gt. and over unless the Administration considers it appropriate to carry a second 9 GHz Radar. The two radars must be functionally independent of each other. The MCA will require a reasoned case for why a 3 GHz radar cannot be carried. “S” Band radars will not detect SARTS or other radar transponders.
so the above information of the Marine insight is right, your above corruption is leading to mistake of the reader if he/she will not search more..
What does it mean by standby mode? When switched on is it in standby mode until it is interrogated? Is the operational mode only when it is being interrogated by an X band radar?