How to Find an Earth Fault On board Ships?

Earth fault is considered very critical on board a ship. Some ships which operate at 440 V do not have any trip devices attached for a single earth fault. However when the operating voltage exceeds 3000V, it is mandatory to have a protection system which isolates when a machinery suffers an earth fault.

How to find out an Earth Fault?

The seriousness of the action to be taken on an Earth Fault depends on the part of the electrical system it affects. Conventional ships which operate on 3 Phase, 440V, have earth fault indicators installed on all three phases. Any earth fault on a 440V system is considered to be a serious trouble and immediate action is required to identify the faulty circuit. Any earth fault on 220V or any low voltage lighting circuit can be considered as important but need not require immediate attention. However, attention should be paid at the next earliest opportunity.

Earth Fault

Finding Earth Fault on 440V circuit

Whenever there is an earth fault alarm, immediately inform to electrical officer (if he is on board). First action is to check the trueness of the alarm. Usually there will be a test button which when pressed, resets the alarm and rechecks the condition of the earth fault.

If the ship is having IAS (Integrated Automation System), check on the computer in the list of events after which the alarm has activated. If IAS facility is not available, there is only one option of isolating each and every machinery in the 440 V circuit and check whether the earth fault indication returns back to normal.

Earth Fault

Isolation of all machinery, which operates on 440V, is not always possible. Certain critical equipment like steering gear and lubricating oil pumps cannot be isolated for when the ship is underway. However changeover can be done from running machinery to the standby one and thus the earth fault can be found.

Finding Earth Fault on 220V Circuit

Finding an Earth Fault on a 220V circuit is comparatively difficult than a 440V circuit. The main reason being the lighting circuits found all round the vessel. However, any earth fault alarm with respect to a 220V circuit is usually treated as important but not an emergency.

When a 220V earth fault alarm sounds, as said earlier, the trueness of the alarm is checked by pressing the test button and then investigation can be started on each and every 220V circuit.

Example: Earth Fault alarm sounds on a 220V panel

  1. Check the trueness of the alarm.
  2. Isolate the complete Group start panel for a lighting division one by one.
  3. Check the Earth Fault indicator for status (still faulty or normal).
  4. If faulty, then put on the breaker which is put off earlier and isolate other group start panel for lighting circuit.
  5. Once the group start panel is identified, then individual lighting switches are turned off one by one and checked for the alarm condition.
  6. When any switch when turned off and thus the condition becomes normal, then this lighting circuit is marked and then inspection is done on the particular light for abnormalities.

light panel

Ingress of moisture is most common reason for an earth fault. (Find out how megger helps in finding insulation faults)

Alternate Idea: Instead of turning off breakers one by one for the lighting circuit, I followed a method where I turned off all lighting circuit of a particular doubted area. This method helps usually when there are two or more earth faults in 220V lighting circuit. By turning off all the breakers of a particular area, then switching on the breaker one by one will eliminate multiple earth faults.

When I turned off lighting switches one by one, it was difficult for me to identify multiple earth faults.

Once the particular faulty circuit is spotted, then we have to further break them into individual dividable pieces and check them for earth faults. For this as usual, we use megger against earth.

By removing fuse of the two phase lines, each line can be tested and the fault pinned down.

You may also like to read-How to Minimize the Risks of an Electrical Shock on a Ship  

Image Credits:

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12 Comments

  1. I have commissioned a plant in a ship which is running by 220v a.c supply.But today the earth fault indication is noticed.Two cores of a three core cable is connected and one core is open at both breaker in main control room and in plant control panel.What and where will be the actual fault?

  2. Hi everyone,
    We have on board earth fold on one of the bus bars. After switching off all consumers on this bus bar- earth fold still exist. The ship is 33 years old rebuilds from fishing vessel to seismic 2D vessel.
    Can you give me some advice how to continue searching this earth fold?

  3. If the bus bar shoes the earth fault.. when u check all bus bar Der is no earth on bus.. den how to check

  4. Thank you for publishing helpful topics regarding ships electrical system, it helps a lot of people working in a ship including me.

  5. what if the fault is on a 600v switchboard, feeding a 600/440v transformer…. could the fault be on a 440v device through the transformer?

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